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Robert Recorde

Welsh mathematician and inventor of the equals sign

Robert Recorde (c.&#; – ) was a Welsh[1][2] physician and mathematician. He invented the equals sign (=) and also introduced the pre-existing plus (+) and minus (−) signs to English speakers in

Biography

Born around , Robert Recorde was the second and last son of Thomas and Rose Recorde[3] of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, in Wales.[4]

Recorde entered the University of Oxford about , and was elected a Fellow of All Souls College there in Having adopted medicine as a profession, he went to the University of Cambridge to take the degree of M.D. in He afterwards returned to Oxford, where he publicly taught mathematics, as he had done prior to going to Cambridge. He invented the "equals" sign, which consists of two horizontal parallel lines, stating that no two things can be more equal. It appears that he afterwards went to London, and acted as physician to King Edward VI and to Queen Mary, to whom some of his books are dedicated. He was also controller of the Royal Mint and served as Comptroller of Mines and Monies in Ireland.[5] After being sued for defamation by a political enemy, he was arrested for debt and died in the King's Bench Prison, Southwark, by the middle of June

Publications

Recorde published several works upon mathematical and medical subjects, chiefly in the form of dialogue between master and scholar, such as the following:

  • The Grounde of Artes, teachings the Worke and Practise, of Arithmeticke, both in whole numbers and fractions (),[4] the first English language book on algebra.
  • The Pathway to Knowledge, containing the First Principles of Geometry bothe for the use of Instrumentes Geometricall and Astronomicall, and also for Projection of Plattes (London, )
  • The Castle of Knowledge, containing the Explication of the Sphere both Celestiall and Materiall, etc. (London, ) A book explaining Ptolemaic astronomy while mentioning the Copernican heliocentric model in passing.
  • The Whetstone of Witte, whiche is the seconde parte of Arithmeteke: containing thextraction of rootes; the cossike practise, with the rule of equation; and the workes of Surde Nombers (London, ). This was the book in which the equals sign was introduced within a printed edition.[6] With the publication of this book Recorde is credited with introducing algebra into the Island of Britain with a systematic notation.[7][8]
  • A medical work, The Urinal of Physick (), frequently reprinted.[9]

Most of those works were written in the form of a catechism.[6] Several books whose authors are unknown have been attributed to him: Cosmographiae isagoge, De Arte faciendi Horologium and De Usu Globorum et de Statu temporum.[10]

See also

Notes

  1. ^Mazur, Joseph (21 May ). "Notation, notation, notation: a brief history of mathematical symbols". The Guardian. ISSN&#; Retrieved 5 May
  2. ^Western Mail, Saturday 24 March -
  3. ^"Robert Recorde: the Welshman who invented equality". The National Wales. Archived from the original on 6 February Retrieved 6 February
  4. ^ abJohnston, Stephen (). "Recorde, Robert (c. –)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online&#;ed.). Oxford University Press. doi/ref:odnb/ Retrieved 26 January (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  5. ^Newman, James R. (). The World of Mathematics.
  6. ^ abSmith, David Eugene (1 July ). "Medicine and Mathematics in the Sixteenth Century". Ann. Med. Hist. 1 (2): – OCLC&#; PMC&#; PMID&#; (here cited p. ).
  7. ^Jourdain, Philip E. B. (). The Nature of Mathematics.
  8. ^Robert Recorde, The Whetstone of Witte (London, England: John Kyngstone, ), p. (although the pages of this book are not numbered). From the chapter titled "The rule of equation, commonly called Algebers Rule" (p. ): "Howbeit, for easie alteration of equations. I will propounde a fewe examples, bicause the extraction of their rootes, maie the more aptly bee wroughte. And to avoide the tediouse repetition of these woordes: is equalle to: I will sette as I doe often in worke use, a paire of paralleles, or Gemowe [twin, from gemew, from the French gemeau (twin / twins), from the Latin gemellus (little twin)] lines of one lengthe, thus: = , bicause noe thynges, can be moare equalle." (However, for easy manipulation of equations, I will present a few examples in order that the extraction of roots may be more readily done. And to avoid the tedious repetition of these words "is equal to", I will substitute, as I often do when working, a pair of parallels or twin lines of the same length, thus: = , because no two things can be more equal.)
  9. ^The Urinal of Physick, by Robert Recorde, ; at Google Books
  10. ^John Hall, "An Historiall Expostulation", p. In Early English Poetry, Ballads, and Popular Literature of the Middle Ages, v. XI. London: T. Richards,

References

  • &#;This article&#;incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:&#;Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Recorde, Robert". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol.&#;22 (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press. p.&#;
  • James R. Newman (). The World of Mathematics Vol. 1Commentary on Robert Recorde
  • Philip E. B. Jourdain (). The Nature of Mathematics; Dover pbk reprint. ISBN&#;. LCCN&#;
  • Gareth Roberts and Fenny Smith, editors (). Robert Recorde: The Life and Times of a Tudor Mathematician (University of Wales Press, distributed by University of Chicago Press) pages
  • Jack Williams (). Robert Recorde: Tudor Polymath, Expositor and Practitioner of Computation (Heidelberg, Springer) (History of Computing). pbk edition. ISBN&#;.
  • J. W. S. Cassels (). Is This a Recorde?, The Mathematical Gazette Vol. 60 No. March p doi/
  • Gordon Roberts (). Robert Recorde: Tudor Scholar and Mathematician (University of Wales Press, Scientists of Wales series). pbk edition. ISBN&#;.
  • Frank J. Swetz and Victor J. Katz (). "Mathematical Treasures - Robert Recorde's Whetstone of Witte," Convergence (January )

External links